skin hyperpigmentation .. does it mean some thing ?

Hyperpigmentation is a common, usually harmless condition in which patches of skin become darker in color than the normal surrounding skin .

Hyperpigmentation may be caused by sun damage, inflammation, or other skin injuries, including those related to acne vulgaris^. People with darker Asian, Mediterranean or African skin tones are also more prone to hyperpigmentation, especially if they have excess sun exposure.

Hyperpigmentation is associated with a number of diseases or conditions, including :

• Addison's disease and other sources of adrenal insufficiency, in which hormones that stimulate melanin synthesis, such as melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), are frequently elevated.
• Cushing's disease or other excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production, because MSH production is a byproduct of ACTH synthesis from proopiomelanocortin (POMC).
• Acanthosis nigricans – hyperpigmentation of intertriginous areas associated with insulin resistance.
• Melasma, also known as chloasma – patchy hyperpigmentation often found in pregnant women.
• Linea nigra – a hyperpigmented line found on the abdomen during pregnancy.
• Peutz-Jeghers syndrome – an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hyperpigmented macules on the lips and oral mucosa and gastrointestinal polyps.
• Exposure to certain chemicals such as salicylic acid, bleomycin, and cisplatin.
• Smoker's melanosis
• Celiac disease
• Cronkite-Canada syndrome
• Porphyria
• Tinea fungal infections such as ringworm
• Haemochromatosis - a common but debilitating genetic disorder characterized by the chronic accumulation of iron in the body.
• Mercury poisoning - particularly cases of cutaneous exposure resulting from the topical application of mercurial ointments or skin-whitening creams.
• Aromatase deficiency
• Nelson's syndrome

treatment of hyperpigmentation may include hydroquinone,  tretinoin (Retinol), topical glucocorticoids, and licorice extract , and treating the main cause if there is any .

References: formulamedical ,aocd ,wikipedia

Before taking any medication ..

A drug eruption is an adverse drug reaction of the skin. Most drug-induced cutaneous reactions are mild and disappear when the offending drug is withdrawn. Drugs can also cause hair and nail changes, affect the mucous membranes, or cause itching without outward skin changes
Although most drug eruptions are exanthematous, different types of drug eruptions are described ...

diagnosed mainly from the medical history and clinical examination. However, they can mimic a wide range of other conditions, thus delaying diagnosis (for example, in drug-induced lupus erythematosus, or the acne-like rash caused by erlotinib). A skin biopsy, blood tests or immunological tests can also be useful. If the causative agent can not be withdrawn, the symptoms should be relieved as much as possible.

Rates of reactions to commonly used drugs are as follows:

• Amoxicillin - 5.1%
• Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole - 4.7%
• Ampicillin - 4.2%
• Semisynthetic penicillin - 2.9%
• Blood (whole human) - 2.8%
• Penicillin G - 1.6%
• Cephalosporins - 1.3%
• Quinidine - 1.2%
• Gentamicin sulfate - 1%
• Packed red blood cells - 0.8%
• Mercurial diuretics - 0.9%
• Heparin - 0.7%

Cutaneous reaction rates in patients with HIV infection are as follows :

• Sulfasalazine - 20%
• Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole - 14.9%
• Dapsone - 3.1%
• Aminopenicillins - 9.3%
• Penicillins - 3.8%
• Anticonvulsants - 3.4%
• Penicillinase-resistant penicillins - 2.9%
• Cephalosporins - 2.7%
• Quinolones - 2.1%
• Ketoconazole - 2%
• Clindamycin - 1.8%
• Primaquine - 1.8%
• Tetracycline - 1.2%
• Pentamidine - 1%
• NSAIDs - 0.9%
• Erythromycin - 0.6%
• Zidovudine - 0.3%

Drugs that commonly cause serious reactions are as follows:

• Allopurinol
• Anticonvulsants
• NSAIDs
• Sulfa drugs
• Bumetanide
• Captopril
• Furosemide
• Penicillamine
• Piroxicam
• Thiazide diuretics

Drugs unlikely to cause skin reactions are as follows:

• Digoxin
• Meperidine
• Acetaminophen
• Diphenhydramine hydrochloride
• Aspirin
• Aminophylline
• Prochlorperazine
• Ferrous sulfate
• Prednisone
• Codeine
• Tetracycline
• Morphine
• Regular insulin
• Warfarin
• Folic acid
• Methyldopa
• Chlorpromazine
• Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors
• Topical gels (eg, 4% tetracaine gel may cause serious cutaneous adverse reactions)

^{source : emedicine , wikipedia}

Too much skin ! part 2

Here is a continuation for the previouse blog ( Too much skin ! part 1)

 these are a list of conditions that I joined togather because they have one thing in commen .. too much skin .. and below each condition a video related to the condition .

c) Diffuse hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas 

        is an autosomal dominant disorder in which hyperkeratosis is confined to the palms and soles, usually evident at birth or in the first few months of life.the they present in early childhood with redness of the palms and soles. The palms and soles gradually become thicker and develop a yellowish, waxy appearance. There is a clear cut-off between affected and unaffected skin and the edge of the thickening is often red. This is usually obvious by the age of 3 to 4

here is a shocking viedo on a man possibly having this condition .

Shocking story of Half Man Half Tree .. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJLG85gn0bc

D) plaque psoriasis

skin rapidly accumulates at these sites, which gives it a silvery-white appearance. Plaques frequently occur on the skin of the elbows  and knee , but can affect any area, including the scalp palms of hands and soles of feet, and genitals .Psoriasis is not contagious and can be inherited. Environmental factors such as smoking, sun exposure, alcoholism , and HIV infection  may affect how often the psoriasis occurs and how long the flare-ups last

here is a video showing the suffering of psoriasis patients

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fVVRvtoUyU

I wish for all the people world-wide to be healthy and happy

my references : wikipedia ,dermNet,webmd,emedicine

Too much skin ! part 1

these are a list of conditions that I joined togather because they have one thing in commen .. too much skin .. and below each condition a video related to the condition 

Here's a list of this conditions with a small comment on each : 

a)  Harlequin type ichthyosis

is the most severe form of congenital ichthyosis, characterized by a thickening of the keratin layer in fetal  human skin. In sufferers of the disease, the skin contains massive, diamond-shaped scales, and tends to have a reddish color. In addition, the eye , ears , penis , and the appendages may be abnormally contracted. The scaly keratin greatly limits the child's movement. Because of resultant cracked skin in locations where normal skin would fold, it is easily pregnable by bacteria and other contaminates, resulting in serious risk of fatal infection.

• Interesting real life story on this condition on youtube :

Extraordinary People - The Girls With Too Much Skin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGHDjiinh80

B) Ehlers–Danlos syndrome - Dermatosparaxis

very rare, with about 10 cases reported. The dermatosparaxis type is characterised by extremely fragile and sagging skin. The skin sags and wrinkles, and extra (redundant) folds of skin may be present as children get older. Joints are very loose, which can delay the development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking. Infants with the condition are born with a hernia around the belly-button. Other symptoms include a small chin, a blue tinge to the sclera, and mild overgrowth of body hair.

Could this gentleman have dermatosparaxis type of Ehles-danlos syndrome ( he stretched his skin up to 14.2 cm away from his body!) :

Stretchiest skin - Guinness World Record

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f46SpiboAew&NR=1&feature=fvwp

Diabetes and Your Skin

Diabetes affects many organs in the body, including the skin. People with diabetes are more prone to skin problems, including dry skin, injection-related scarring that affects insulin absorption in the body, and vaginal infection. Because diabetes increases the risk for infection, even a minor skin condition can develop into a more serious problem.
  

Diabetes skin conditions generally fall into three categories :

• Skin conditions that happen mostly to people with diabetes
• Common skin infections made worse by having high blood sugar
• Skin problems that occur from injecting insulin ( hypertropy or atrophy of the skin )

causes of diabetes-related skin conditions vary. Many are harmless, but it's helpful to recognize them and know when to see your doctor for treatment.

Diabetic dermopathy. this skin condition develops as a result of changes to the blood vessels that supply the skin. Dermopathy appears as a shiny round or oval lesion of thin skin over the front lower parts of the lower legs.
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum : Another disease that may be caused by changes in the blood vessels is necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD). NLD causes spots similar to diabetic dermopathy, but they are fewer, larger, and deeper
Disseminated granuloma annulare. This causes red, red-brown, or skin-colored raised rings or arcs on the skin. It usually occurs on the fingers, ears, or lower legs

Digital sclerosis. About one-third of people with type 1 diabetes have this condition, which can make the skin on the back of the hands become thick, waxy, and tight

Acanthosis nigricans. With this condition, the skin on the neck, armpits, or groin thickens and becomes brown or tan

Eruptive xanthomatosis. Young men with type 1 diabetes who also have high levels of cholesterol and fat in the blood often develop this condition
Vitiligo: Vitiligo, a skin problem more commonly associated with type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes, affects skin coloration

Diabetes and Skin Infections
Bacterial skin infections are pretty common with diabetes such as : boil , folliculitis , or infection of the nail bed, Styes

Fungal infections are pretty common too, according to Hatipoglu. People with diabetes are likely to develop fungal infections in areas that get hot and sweaty, including:

• Under the breasts
• Between fingers and toes
• In the armpits
• In the groin area
• men genital area

Keeping your diabetes under control is the most important factor in preventing these skin problems

References :medscape , wikipedia ,diabetes.org , webmd

Mycosis fungoides

 The disease, is not a fungal infection but rather a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It was so named because Alibert ( who first described mycosis fungoides in 1806 ) described the skin tumors of a severe case as having a mushroom-like appearance

The cause of mycosis fungoides is unknown .It is rare for the disease to appear before age 20, and it appears to be noticeably more common in males than females, especially over the age of 50 . The average age of onset is between 45 and 55 years of age for patients with patch and plaque disease only, but is over  for patients who present with tumours, erythroderma (red skin) or a leukemic form (the Sézary syndrome).

Typical visible symptoms include rash like patches, tumors, or lesions. Itching  is common, perhaps in 20% of patients, and is not universal.

Diagnosis is sometimes difficult because the early phases of the disease often resemble eczema or even psoriasis.

If treatment is successful the disease can go into a non-progressing state with clinically clear examination and various tests .Common treatments include simple sunlight, ultraviolet light, topical steroids, topical and systemic chemotherapies, local superficial radiotherapy, the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat, total skin electron beam radiation, photopheresis and systemic therapies (e.g. interferons, retinoids, rexinoids) or biological therapies. Treatments are often used in combination

Encourage the use of supportive treatments in patients with mycosis fungoides to decrease pruritus and to lubricate the skin. Nonspecific antipruritic treatments used to control symptoms are useful and often necessary adjuncts to more specific therapies. Patients should avoid sun exposure and remain in a cool environment.

References :wikipedia , emedicine

nutrition and skin

Of all the news coming from the beauty community, the loudest buzz may be about the power of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients to give skin a more radiant, healthy, and, yes, youthful glow.

"Your skin is the fingerprint of what is going on inside your body, and all skin conditions, from psoriasis to acne to aging, are the manifestations of your body's internal needs, including its nutritional needs .

Vitamins C, E, A, K, and B complex can all help improve skin health. Here's how:

Vitamins C and E :

Topical Vitamin C can prevent the consequences of prolonged sun exposure which can lead to skin cancer ,people who take vitamins C and E in the long term reduced their sunburns from exposure to UVB radiation

Vitamin A:

Topical vitamin A is the form that makes a real difference in your skin. Medical studies show a reduction in lines and wrinkles, good acne control, and some psoriasis relief, all from using creams containing this nutrient

Vitamin B Complex:

Without adequate amounts, you may end up with dermatitis (an itchy, scaly skin reaction) or sometimes even hair loss. Even a mild deficiency causes symptoms. topical form of vitamin B was shown to dramatically improve aging in human skin

Vitamin K:

showed that topical vitamin K works well to reduce circles under the eye as well as bruises

Selenium:

A number of scientists believe this mineral plays a key role in skin cancer prevention , selenium could help reduce your chance of burning

Copper:

Still another important mineral is copper. Together with vitamin C and the mineral zinc, copper helps to develop elastin, the fibers that support skin structure from underneath . improvements in skin roughness, clarity, fine lines, wrinkling, and overall photodamage

Zinc:

 The third skin-friendly mineral is zinc, important if you have acne. In fact, sometimes acne itself is a symptom of a zinc deficiency

Sources : webmd , American Academy of Dermatology 2003 Annual Meeting

Mesotherapy

there is a big dilemma about the mesotherpay .. and if it's effective or not ..

here is an outlines about mesotherapy

originally mesotherapy was invented by French physician Dr. Michel Pistor in 1952. it is a minimally invasive procedure , it was used to treat vascular disease , sport injures , and rheumatism

but sooner the physicians start to use it in cosmetic therapy to treat many case such as : Antiageing ,cellulite, hair loss ,and wight loss .

multiple injections of pharmaceutical and homeopathic medications, plant extracts, vitamins, and other ingredients into mesoderm layer of the skin .. the mehanism of action not fully understood

However physicians have expressed concern over the efficacy of mesotherapy, arguing that the treatment hasn't been studied enough to make a determination. The primary issue is that mesotherapy for the treatment of cosmetic conditions hasn't been the subject of gold standard clinical trials; however the procedure has been studied for the pain relief of other ailments

here is some studies about mesotherapy .. they all agree on one point .. Further studies should be performed to clarify and determine the mechanisms of action.

Mesotherapy and phosphatidylcholine injections: historical clarification and review.

Injection of phosphatidylcholine in fat tissue: experimental study of local action in rabbits.

sources :wikipedia ,pubmed , mesotherapy

Baby Skin .. part 1

Wondering what that rash, welt, or bump on your child's skin is? Infection, allergies, and temperature extremes are often behind the skin conditions seen in babies and children -- and many are minor and easily treated.

let's strart :

1. Ringworm :

which is actually a tineal infection ( type of fungal infection ) , not by parasitic worms. Infections on the body may give rise to typical enlarging raised red , itchy rings of ringworm . Ringworm is passed on by skin-to-skin contact with a person or animal , to prevent this infection avoid sharing clothing, sports equipment, towels, or sheets , Washing clothes in hot water with fungicidal soap after suspected exposure to ringworm.

2. Fifth Disease ('Slapped Cheek') :

It commonly infects children and typically causes a mild rash that may resemble a “slapped-cheek”. Other symptoms that can occur include joint pain (arthralgia), fever and general flu-like symptoms. This disease does not have any lasting effects in healthy children and adults ( unless pregnant female ) , Treatment includes rest, fluids, and pain relievers (do not give aspirin to children), but watch for signs of more serious illness

3. Chickenpox:

 Very contagious, chickenpox spreads easily, leaving an itchy rash and red spots or blisters all over the body. Chickenpox can lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, brain damage, or death. People who have had chickenpox are also at risk for developing shingles later in life. A chickenpox vaccine is recommended for all young children.

4. Impetigo :

A contagious infection usually caused by bacteria, impetigo causes red sores or blisters that can break open, ooze, and develop a yellow-brown crust. Sores can occur anywhere on the body but usually appear around the mouth and nose. can be spread to others through close contact or by sharing items like towels and toys.

Scratching can also spread it to other parts of the body. Antibiotic ointment usually cures it.

5. Warts:

warts can spread from person-to-person or via contact with an object used by a person with the virus. Common warts are most often found on fingers and hands. Prevent the spread of warts by not picking them, covering them with bandages, and not biting your nails or cuticles. In most cases warts are harmless, painless, and go away on their own. If they persist, treatments include freezing, surgery, lasers, and chemicals.

references :webmd, wikipedia , fifthdisease.org

Do You Have Athlete's Foot ?

The first reported case of tinea pedis in the United States was noted in Birmingham, Alabama, in the 1920s. World War I troops returning from battle may have transported T rubrum to the United States

Athlete's foot called this way because it's occur mostly in athlete's people , not because it's only occur in athlete's !

It's cause by Tinea pedis .. a type of fungal infection , causes scaling, flaking, and itch of affected areas.

Although the condition typically affects the feet, it can spread to other areas of the body, including the groin. Athlete's foot can be treated by a number of pharmaceutical and other treatments.

Athlete's foot can usually be diagnosed by visual inspection of the skin, but where the diagnosis is in doubt direct microscopy of a potassium hydroxide preparation may help rule out other possible causes, such as eczema or psoriasis. A KOH preparation is performed on skin scrapings from the affected area. The KOH preparation has an excellent positive predictive value, but occasionally false negative results may be obtained, especially if treatment with an antifungal medication has already begun

The fungi that cause athlete's foot can live on shower floors, wet towels, and footwear, and can spread from person to person from shared contact with showers, towels

Without medication athlete's foot resolves in 30–40% of cases and topical antifungal medication consistently produce much higher percentages of cure

Tinea pedis can be treated with topical or oral antifungals or a combination of both .

The need for follow-up care in tinea pedis should be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Further outpatient visits may be indicated, depending on the extent and severity of the tinea pedis. Treatment regimens may need to be switched or augmented

Recourse : emedicine. wikipedia



History Of Tinea Infection

In the ancient world, many diseases caused by fungi were well known but were ascribed to different causes. The Romans, for example, recognized the disease that we call ringworm but attributed it to infestation with small insects. They called the infection “tinea”, which refers to small insect larvae. This attribution survives in the medical designations of the fungal diseases ringworm (tinea capitis), jock itch (tinea cruris),

and athlete’s foot (tinea pedis)—each of which is caused by one or more fungal species.

In 1791, M. Plaignaud first reported anecdotally a fungal infection of the sinuses, although it was not until 1885 that Schubert gave a complete clinical description of the

disease, showing it to be caused by an Aspergillus species.

In 1888, C. Pellizari described the first case of athlete’s foot, tinea pedis, which was not recognized in Europe until 1908. The

disease, caused by a fungus endemic to Southeast Asia—Trichophyton rubrum— was considered at the time to be rare. It

spread through Europe (one might postulate as a revenge for colonialism), and today it is considered the most common fungal

disease in the world, estimated to infect, at one time or another, 70% of the human population. The fungal lung disease histoplasmosis was first identified in 1905 in the Panama

Canal Zone, although it was not until 1934 that W. A. DeMonbreun of Vanderbilt University determined that it was of fungal origin. The disease was thought to be rare

until a massive X-ray program as part of the military draft in the United States in 1940 showed a high incidence of

healed-over pulmonary lesions. Modern estimates hold that approximately 20% of the U.S. population is infected by this fungus.

For more info. : http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v06/i08/pdf/803timeline.pdf

The Blue Man

Can you imagine waking up one day with blue skin ?!

It did happened  to this man .. although he had his color gradually over  10  years ..

Paul Karason 61yeas old Californian man .. was  a normal fairs skin color and he was using a silver preparation to treat a his dermatitis on his face which started when he had an emotional situation – his father death- He was dirking a liquid form of silver ( colloidal silver ) which Karason did make it him self by running an electrical current through water with a piece of silver in it. He didn't discover he was Turing blue until one of his friend came to visit him and ask him : "what did you do ?"  , colloidal silver  was used for thousand of years as an antibacterial until FDA banned it because it's causes argyria*  which result of the silver reacting with the light . and Karason have sever form of argyria

His condition brought world wide attention to him .. and he was advised to get his primary check out to see if there is any other organ involvement

* Argyria results from prolonged contact with or ingestion of silver salts. Argyria is characterized by gray to gray-black staining of the skin and mucous membranes produced by silver deposition. Silver may be deposited in the skin either from industrial exposure or as a result of medications containing silver salts

youtube : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gq8C0GknwAM

my references : emedicine , scienceblogs , oddee